Serie Tv Le Stagioni Del Cuore Ita Avi Torrent
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Our findings indicate that NPY-ir is expressed in different areas of the birds brain where light perception and visual activity takes place. The visual grooves in the avian brain is likely to have connections between the visual and non-visual visual areas of the brain. These visual nuclei also possess non-visual sensory neurons that receive photoperiodic information to regulate their receptivity to non-visual sensory cues. Our previous study has demonstrated that HA is important for both vocal and visual learning, and that this information may be conveyed to other visual and auditory nuclei through the mesolimbic pathways [Alper, Monfort & Ellis, 2004]. HA is a major hub of information integration within the central nervous system and is involved in multimodal processing, pattern recognition, learning, memory, arousal, attention, and motivation. This research study aimed to investigate the functional significance of the NPY peptide, in the diverse functions of the avian brain. It is the first study to investigate the expression of the NPY peptide in the pre-breeding and regressive breeding periods, and its seasonal variation in the brain regions of non-photoperiodic songbirds using immunohistochemistry. Among the brain areas studied, the hyperpallium apicale (HA) in June and September had the maximum number of NPY-ir cells, while the others had less. The number of NPY-ir cells was found to be seasonal and gender specific, and was more in females.
The NPY peptide was widely distributed within the brain of non-photoperiodic songbirds (typically breed at dawn and dusk) and at different life history stages. NPY-ir-peptide-containing cells were observed in the brain of Spotted Munia, and they showed seasonal representation and specific gender and size variations. It was also observed that the reproductive behavior has developmental effects on the expression pattern of NPY-ir cells in the HPA and HP in Spotted Munia. NPY has been identified in birds of many species, where they are present in diverse areas of the brain, primarily in the hypothalamus and preoptic area, where it may be involved in regulating stress responses, social behavior, and reproduction. The peptide has been found to be correlated with appetite, hunger, and estrous, as well as reproductive activities. d2c66b5586