Eastern New Mexico - Grand Canyon - Stream 1
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Four of the Nation's major river systems have headwaters inthe mountainous areas of Segment 2. The South Platte River ofthe Missouri River system drains the eastern slope of northernColorado; the Arkansas River and its tributary, the Canadian River,drain southeastern Colorado and northeastern New Mexico; the RioGrande and its tributary, the Pecos River, drain south-centralColorado and central New Mexico; and the Colorado River and itstributaries drain Arizona, eastern Utah, Northwestern New Mexico,and western Colorado (fig. 1). WesternUtah is drained by numerous streams that terminate in local desertbasins, the Great Salt Lake, or other local lakes and reservoirs.Because the Great Salt Lake lies in the Great Basin, which isthe largest closed basin in North America, it has no outlet tothe sea. The salinity of the lake water is about 20 percent orabout 6 times the salinity of seawater.
Surficial aquifers occur primarily at shallow depth in unconsolidatedsediments along parts of major river valleys in segment 2. Individualstream-valley aquifers mostly are small and separate from aquifersin other valleys or from distant aquifers in the same valley.Only in the valleys of the South Platte and the Arkansas Riversof eastern Colorado are the aquifers large and continuous enoughto form a major aquifer; therefore, the stream-valley aquifersare not mapped in figure 11.
One of the main reasons the Mormons were able to colonize Arizona was the existence of Jacob Hamblin's ferry across the Colorado at Lee's Ferry (then known as Pahreah Crossing), which began running in March 1864.[182] This location was the only section of river for hundreds of miles in both directions where the canyon walls dropped away, allowing for the development of a transport route. John Doyle Lee established a more permanent ferry system at the site in 1870. One reason Lee chose to run the ferry was to flee from Mormon leaders who held him responsible for the Mountain Meadows massacre, in which 120 emigrants in a wagon train were killed by a local militia disguised as Native Americans. Even though it was located along a major travel route, Lee's Ferry was very isolated, and there Lee and his family established the aptly named Lonely Dell Ranch.[182] In 1928, the ferry sank, resulting in the deaths of three men. Later that year, the Navajo Bridge was completed at a point 5 miles (8 km) downstream, rendering the ferry obsolete.[183]
Updated March 20, 2023The East Entrance to the park at Desert View is open 24 hours/day, 7 days/week. (Unless temporarily closed by snow) Desert View is a small settlement on the South Rim located 23 miles/ 37 km east of Grand Canyon Village, and near the eastern edge of Grand Canyon. Arizona State Route 64, also known as Desert View Drive, is a 23 mile (37 km) scenic road that connects Desert View with Grand Canyon Village. Desert View Drive is open to all vehicles throughout the year. Visitors traveling through the Navajo Nation on US 89, turn west at Cameron, Arizona onto State Route 64, then drive 25 miles (40 km) to the park's East Entrance. A stop at Desert View provides their first views of Grand Canyon. Some of the finest views of the Colorado River and canyon geology may be seen from here.Nearby Navajo Tribal Parks are open and welcome visitors at 75 percent capacity. For more information about Navajo Tribal Parks, call: 928-871-6647 or visit www.navajonationparks.org
The State is divided into three major areas by mountain ranges and highlands,oriented in a general north-south direction, which merge in the north. TheNorthern Mountain and Central Highlands, between longitudes 105 and106 W, are the western boundary of the Northeastern and SoutheasternPlains which slope gradually eastward and southeastward. The northern part ofthese eastern plains lies within the Arkansas River Basin and is drained mostlyby the Canadian River, which flows southward then eastward into Oklahoma to itsconfluence with the Arkansas, and the Cimarron River in the extremenortheastern corner. The Pecos River rises in the Sangre de Cristo Mountainsand flows southward through the Southeastern Plains into Texas, and thensoutheastward to join the Rio Grande. West of the mountain ranges that form theContinental Divide, whose height decreases to a markedly lower elevation insouthern New Mexico, rivers drain into the Gulf of California through theColorado River system. Principal tributaries flowing westward into the ColoradoRiver are the San Juan River in the north, the Gila River in the south, and theSan Francisco tributary in the north, the Gila River in the south, and the SanFrancisco tributary of the Gila and other headwater streams of the LittleColorado River in the west-central area. The largest closed basins in the westare the Plains of St. Augustine in Catron County and the Rio Membres Basin inGrant and Luna Counties. Between the Northern Mountains and the CentralHighland system and the Continental Divide system is the Rio Grande Valleywhich widens toward the south. The Rio Grande rises in the San Juan Mountainsof southern Colorado, flows southward through New Mexico, then southeastwardalong the Texas-Mexico border into the Gulf of Mexico. The closed TularosaBasin in southern New Mexico is in an intermountain area of the Central Valley.The state is divided into 8 climate divisions based on the state topographicfeatures in the following image.
Over the last 30 years, the time frame for the carving of the Grand Canyon has gone full circle. Thirty years ago, most evolutionists believed the canyon was about 70 million years old. But that estimate changed as radioisotope dating was utilized to show the plateau to be much older than the canyon itself. Basalts found on the North Rim near the western end of the canyon were estimated to be only 6 million years old, but these same basalts are also found on the South Rim!8 This means these lavas had to flow across from one rim to the other, a process which could not have occurred had the canyon been in place at the time. The age of at least the western Grand Canyon was thus reduced to 6 million years, but many continued to believe the central and eastern canyon was 70 million years old, based on the stream-capturing theory outlined below. Subsequently, the 70-million-year date was gradually reduced to 17 million years, based on several pieces of the puzzle indicating a younger canyon.9
The initial stream capturing model had the ancestral Colorado River running through Marble Canyon to the Little Colorado River drainage, where the river then took a southeasterly direction, draining east into the Rio Grande River (figure 6). Another drainage existed to the west of the plateau cutting back through the plateau. However, its headward erosion then cut eastward through about 200 miles (320 km) of the Colorado Plateau and captured the ancestral Colorado River, which then changed its flow to a westerly direction. Subsequent to this capture, the area to the southeast was uplifted so the Little Colorado River now flows into the Colorado River. This idea met its demise in part because the necessary erosional debris could not be found anywhere east of the canyon.
The Kaibab Plateau now stands some 3,000 feet (900 m) above the adjacent Marble Platform, both part of the Colorado Plateau (figure 5). But the lack of erosional cliffs on the north and eastern sides of the Kaibab Plateau suggests that the southern end of the plateau continued to be uplifted after the rest of the region had stabilized. If this uplifting occurred just prior to, or even during, the channelization phase of the receding Flood waters, it would account for the lack of cliffs. It would also account for the direction of the side canyons eroded into the Kaibab Plateau. For example, some of the side canyons carved into the Marble Platform that join to form Marble Canyon, drain to the northeast, which seems to be the wrong direction. But that would have been the direction in which the receding waters flowed as the Kaibab Plateau was uplifted. Since the Kaibab Plateau is higher at its southern rim, this would also account for the longer and deeper side canyons carved into the North Rim of the Grand Canyon, which also follows along that southern edge of the plateau. Thus the South Rim of the canyon follows the northern edge of the Coconino Plateau (figure 5).
Just outside of Taos, New Mexico, the ground drops away into the 850-foot-deep Rio Grande Gorge. A geologic wonder in a spectacular desert environment, the Rio Grande River flows through this chasm and offers several different sections of rafting depending on your lust for adventure. The Lower Taos Box of the Rio Grande delivers big Class IV rapids in the deepest depths of the canyon while the Racecourse section downstream offers plentiful Class III waves and rapids for an intermediate day. 59ce067264
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